Two black holes collided 1.3 billion light years away. Australian scientists were there for the big moment

5 days ago 8

Australian PhD students have helped lead a groundbreaking observation of the most colossal and violent cataclysm in the universe – the collision of two black holes – which has proved a theory conceived on paper decades ago by one of history’s greatest minds.

The “sound” of the collision arrived as a wiggle of warped space-time detected by a black hole-hunting machine in the US called LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) on January 14, 2025.

When two black holes collide and merge, they release gravitational waves.

Teagan Clarke, a PhD student at Monash University, happened to be on deck surveilling the data as the loudest and clearest-ever signal from the merging of two black holes hit Earth.

“There’s a bunch of analysts like me all over the world monitoring these signals so that someone’s always awake, ready to start analysing these events as soon as they arise,” Clarke said.

“It was a bit of a surprise to see such a loud one during my shift, and it was pretty exciting to be on the journey from the very first moment the signal arrived all the way up until now, where we’re able to share it with the public.”

The signal was captured with unprecedented precision, allowing scientists pioneering insight into the behaviour of the universe’s most mysterious megastructures that supports Stephen Hawking’s conclusion that even black holes submit to the laws of thermodynamics.

Teagan Clarke helped analyse the clearest and most precise recording of a black hole collision ever made.

As rotating pairs of black holes crash together, they fling off gravitational waves, which are ripples in the fabric of space-time first detected in 2015.

“Excited black holes are known to ‘ring’ like cosmic bells at precise frequencies,” Neil Lu, another lead author and PhD student from the Australian National University and the ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav), said.

In a quirk of physics, the frequencies of these gravitational waves are audible to the human ear when converted to a sound wave, so you can listen to the “chirp” of a black hole collision.

Just as your ear can hear the difference between a gong and a cow bell, astrophysicists can analyse the ripples radiating from the aftermath of a black hole crash, called the “ring down”, to glean information about their mass and spin.

The January 14 signal travelled 1.3 billion light years and reached Earth as an almost imperceptible quiver a thousand times tinier than a proton, or 700 trillion times smaller than the width of a human hair.

These signals can only be captured by a trio of observatories containing some of the most precise measuring instruments ever made, called the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA collaboration.

The observatories bounce lasers between mirrors set kilometres apart from each other and detect gravitational waves when the ripples in space-time make minuscule disruptions to the laser’s beam.

The signals are faint but powerful, and have equipped scientists with a new method for exploring the universe beyond sensing light such as cosmic X-rays and radio waves.

The LIGO detector in Louisiana bounces a laser beam between mirrors 4 kilometres apart to detect almost imperceptible ripples in space-time caused by the collision of black holes.

“The actual data essentially arrives as a wiggly line,” Clarke said. “It’s my job to take all of these wiggles – in this case a very, very nicely measured wiggle – and actually find out new physics about black holes from them.

“This particular merger provided us with the clearest gravitational wave signal that we’ve ever seen, which made it absolutely perfect to perform tests of Einstein’s theory of general relativity, as well as Stephen Hawking’s black hole area law.”

Hawking’s idea links to the second law of thermodynamics, which holds that the universe will always bend towards chaos; the overall disorder or “entropy” of any system will either increase or stay the same, and will never become more ordered. (Scrambled eggs will never spontaneously unscramble, for instance).

Colliding black holes, these superdense regions with such unrelentingly strong gravity not even light can escape their pull, are the ultimate test of this theory.

Stephen Hawking wanted to test one of his fundamental theories about the universe after gravitational waves were detected for the first time in 2015.

Hawking concluded a black hole’s entropy was encoded in its surface area; if a black hole’s chaos increases, so should its size. Add two black holes together and their overall surface area – and entropy – should grow.

“Black holes are still really mysterious, and it’s still unclear how they actually fit into the laws of physics in the universe. It was definitely not entirely clear that they would necessarily follow Hawking’s area theorem,” Clarke said.

Hawking wondered if the 2015 LIGO detection could allow him to test his theory.

He passed away in 2018, before this could eventuate, but the paper released on Thursday in prestigious physics journal Physical Review Letters has proved him right: the final black hole was bigger after the collision.

“This is a turning point,” Dr Ling Sun, another co-author of the research from ANU and OzGrav, said.

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