A massive police raid on a drug gang embedded in low-income neighborhoods of Rio de Janeiro that left at least 119 people dead drew protests for excessive force Wednesday and calls for the Rio's governor to resign.
Families of the dead decried what they described as executions by police, while the state government hailed a successful operation against a powerful criminal group that has taken over large swaths of the city.
Dozens of favelas residents gathered in front of the state's government headquarters shouting "assassins!" and waving Brazilian flags stained with red paint, a day after Rio's deadliest raid and hours after families and residents laid dozens of dead bodies on a street in one of the targeted communities to show the magnitude of the operation.
BBC News verified several videos showing dozens of bodies laid out in a row in a market area of Rio, in its northern Penha district.
Questions quickly arose about the death count and the state of the bodies, with reports of disfigurement and knife wounds. Brazil's Supreme Court, prosecutors and lawmakers asked Rio state Gov. Claudio Castro to provide detailed information about the operation.
"This was a massacre," said Barbara Barbosa, a domestic worker from the Penha complex of favelas, one of the two huge communities targeted in the police operation. She said her son was killed in a prior operation in Penha.
People line up bodies on Sao Lucas Square of the Vila Cruzeiro favela at the Penha complex in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on October 29, 2025, in the aftermath of Operacao Contencao (Operation Containment).
PABLO PORCIUNCULA/AFP via Getty Images
"Do we have a death sentence? Stop killing us," said activist Rute Sales, 56. Many residents came Penha in Rio's poor, northern zone to the imposing Guanabara Palace on motorbikes.
The toll of 115 suspects and four policemen killed was an increase over what authorities originally said were 60 suspects dead in Tuesday's raid by about 2,500 police and soldiers in the favelas of Penha and Complexo de Alemao.
Felipe Curi, Rio state police secretary, told a news conference that bodies of additional suspects were found in a wooded area where he said they had worn camouflage while battling with security forces. He said local residents had removed clothing and equipment from the bodies, in what would be investigated as evidence tampering.
"These individuals were in the woods, equipped with camouflage clothing, vests and weapons. Now many of them appeared wearing underwear or shorts, with no equipment, as if they had come through a portal and changed clothes," Curi said.
Earlier Wednesday, in the neighborhood of Penha, residents had surrounded many of the bodies - collected in trucks and displayed in a main square - and shouted "massacre" and "justice" before forensic authorities arrived to retrieve the remains.
"They can take them to jail, why kill them like this? Lots of them were alive and calling for help," resident Elisangela Silva Santos, 50, said during the gathering in Penha. "Yes they're traffickers, but they're human."
"They slit my son's throat"
A day after the police operation paralyzed the city, residents of the Complexo da Penha favela recovered dozens of bodies from a forest on its outskirts, including one that was decapitated, AFP journalists witnessed.
"They slit my son's throat, cut his neck, and hung the head from a tree like a trophy," said Raquel Tomas, the mother of the 19-year-old who was found decapitated.
"They executed my son without giving him a chance to defend himself. He was murdered," she told AFP, her voice shaking.
"Everyone deserves a second chance. During an operation, police should do their job, arrest suspects, but not execute them," Tomas added.
A woman cries outside Getulio Vargas Hospital shortly after her relative was brought here by police due to injury during a police operation against alleged drug traffickers in the Complexo do Alemao favela where the criminal organization "Comando Vermelho" operates in Rio de Janeiro, Tuesday, Oct. 28, 2025.
Silvia Izquierdo / AP
Lawyer Albino Pereira Neto, who represents three families that lost relatives, told AFP some of the bodies bore "burn marks" and that a number of those killed had been tied up.
Some were "murdered in cold blood," he said.
"We saw executed people"
The tally of suspects arrested stood at 113 - up from 81 cited previously, Curi said. The state government said some 90 rifles and more than a ton of drugs were seized.
Police and soldiers had launched the raid in helicopters, armored vehicles and on foot, targeting the Red Command gang. They drew gunfire and other retaliation from gang members, sparking scenes of chaos across the city on Tuesday. Schools in the affected areas shuttered, a local university canceled classes, and roads were blocked with buses used as barricades.
Rafael Soares, a journalist covering crime in Rio, told BBC News Brasil that the Red Command had been on the offensive in Rio in recent years, reclaiming territory it had lost to its rivals, First Capital Command.
Many shops remained closed Wednesday morning in Penha, where local activist Raull Santiago said he was part of a team that found about 15 bodies before dawn.
"We saw executed people: shot in the back, shots to the head, stab wounds, people tied up. This level of brutality, the hatred that is spread - there's no other way to describe it except as a massacre," Santiago said.
Supreme Court Justice Alexandre de Moraes ordered Castro to provide information about the police operation and scheduled a hearing with the state governor and the heads of the military and civil police next Monday in Rio.
The Senate's commission for human rights said it was asking for clarifications from the Rio state government. Meanwhile, Rio prosecutors requested that Castro provide detailed information about the operation and proof that there was no less harmful means of achieving its objectives.
Police officers escort a suspect arrested during the Operacao Contencao (Operation Containment) out of the Vila Cruzeiro favela, in the Penha complex, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on October 28, 2025.
MAURO PIMENTEL/AFP via Getty Images
And the federal public prosecutor's office asked the Forensic Medical Institute to ensure that autopsy reports contain full descriptions and photographic and radiographic documentation of all injuries.
Castro said on Tuesday that Rio was at war against "narco-terrorism," a term that echoed the Trump administration in its campaign against drug smuggling in Latin America.
On Wednesday, Castro called the operation a "success," apart from the deaths of the four police officers.
Rio's state government said that the suspects who had been killed had resisted police.
Rio has been the scene of lethal police raids for decades. In March 2005, some 29 people were killed in Rio's Baixada Fluminense region, while in May 2021, 28 were killed in the Jacarezinho favela.
But the scale and lethality of Tuesday's operation are unprecedented. Non-governmental organizations and the U.N. human rights body quickly raised concerns over the high number of reported fatalities and called for investigations.
"We fully understand the challenges of having to deal with violent and well-organized groups such as Red Command," said U.N. Human Rights Spokesperson Marta Hurtado said.
But Brazil must "break this cycle of extreme brutality and ensure that law enforcement operations comply with international standards regarding the use of force," she said, adding that the body was calling for full-fledged policing reform.
Late on Wednesday, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva said on X that he had instructed the justice minister and director-general of Federal Police to meet Castro for a meeting in Rio.
Brazil cannot accept that organized crime "continues to destroy families, oppress residents, and spread drugs and violence across cities," he said.
The operation's stated objectives were capturing leaders and limiting the territorial expansion of the Red Command gang, which has increased its control over favelas in recent years.
Gang members allegedly targeted police with at least one drone. Rio de Janeiro's state government shared a video on X of what appeared to show a drone firing a projectile from the sky.
"Drones dropping bombs is now a trend used by heavily armed criminal groups," Carlos Solar from the Royal United Services Institute told BBC News.
Rio "alone in this war"
Gov. Castro, from the conservative opposition Liberal Party, said Tuesday that Rio was "alone in this war." He said the federal government should be providing more support to combat crime - in a swipe at the administration of Lula's leftist administration.
His comments were challenged by the Justice Ministry, which said it had responded to requests from Rio's state government to deploy national forces in the state, renewing their presence 11 times.
Gleisi Hoffmann, the Lula administration's liaison with the parliament, agreed that more coordinated action was needed but pointed to a recent crackdown on money laundering as an example of the federal government's action on organized crime.
Justice Minister Ricardo Lewandowski said it was clearly an extremely bloody and violent operation.
"We should reflect on whether this kind of action is compatible with the Democratic Rule of Law that governs us all," he told journalists on Wednesday.
Criminal gangs have expanded their presence across Brazil in recent years, including in the Amazon rainforest.
Roberto Uchôa, from the Brazilian Forum on Public Safety think-tank, said that criminal gangs have strengthened despite these kinds of operations, suggesting that they are inefficient.
"Killing more than 100 people like this won't help decrease the Red Command's expansion. The dead will soon be replaced," Uchôa said.
Agence France-Presse contributed to this report.
